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Disability Statistics and Data on Social Protection UNDESA-UNESCO Expert Group Meeting on Disability Data and Statistics Hasheem Mannan Senior Research Fellow Nossal Institute for Global Health Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne ([emailprotected])

Context UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection 28 (2) (b) To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular women and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to social protection programmes

Context: UNCRPD Reporting Guidelines Article 16 - Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse • Social protection measures to assist and support persons with disabilities, including their families and caregivers Article 27 - Work and employment • Measures taken to ensure their access to basic services and social protection

Social Protection: Coverage

Context: Recent Studies • Mleinek and Davis (2012) suggest that the inclusion of disability issues in social protection policies depends on a complex mix of factors including “political will, appropriate legislation, economic resources and implementation mechanisms” (p. 6). • GIZ’s justification for their support of disability inclusion in Indonesia’s social protection policy is that only inclusive policies will “promote abilities and … enable beneficiaries to lead a dignified, self-determined life” (Mohr in Mleinek & Davis, 2012, p. 3).

Context: Recent Studies • Justification for the inclusion of people with disabilities in social protection programmes is their “susceptibility to chronic poverty and social exclusion” (Palmer, 2013, p. 151; Schneider et al, 2011b, p. 38). • Data and policy evaluations relating to disability inclusion in countries’ social protection policies and strategies are scarce (Mont, 2010 p. 322).

Source: Rohwerder, B. (2014). Disability inclusion in social protection (GSDRC Helpdesk

Research Report 1069).

ESCAP Study: Providing income security for persons with disabilities

Total investment and expenditure for proposed policy package

ADB Study on Social Protection

ADB Study on Social Protection

Disability Benefits • Disability benefits are the smallest subcomponent of social protection, with only 2%–3% of spending and beneficiaries. • Indeed, many countries in Asia and the Pacific provide only negligible benefits to disabled people.

• Source: Asian Development Bank, The social protection index. 2013

Indonesian Experience (JSPACA- ASODKB)

Indonesian Experience: ILO Social Protection Assessment

Annual

FOUR GROUPS WITH DIFFERENT NEEDS: THE POOR, VULNERABLES, MIDDLE CLASS, RICH

4.0 2.0 0.0 1

15

29

43

57

71

85

Percentiles

Growth of Per capita Expenditures, 2008-2012

2008-2012 growth

Growth in mean

Annual growth rate %

10.0

+Rp 250.000/kap/bl 12%

8.0

6.0

+Rp 370.000/kap/bl 40%

+Rp750.000/kap/bl

29

57

80%

4.87

4.0 2.0 0.0 1

15

43

71

85

99

Percentiles

Poor 29 mil. Poverty Alleviation Sumber: BPS & TNP2K

Vulnerables 2008-2012 growth 70 million & Social Protection

Middle Class in mean Growth 100 million Social Protection, Business Climate & Market Access

Rich 50 million Business Climate

99

NATIONAL TARGETING SYSTEM USING UNIFIED DATABASE Eligibility Criteria Social Protection Program

Unified Database For Poverty Allev & Social Protection

Beneficiary List ofof Beneficiary List Beneficiary List Social Protection Programs Beneficiary Listofof Social Protection Program Social SocialProtection ProtectionProgram Program

Program Eligibility Criteria is s et by each program. E.g. for PKH. Minister of Social Affairs sets as: extreme poor households with elementary school age children or pregnant mothers Data by name & address, containing the lowest 40% of population

Names and addresses of eligible beneficiaries of the Social Protection Program

Program eligibility can be formulated using different criteria:  Geographical (e.g. based on indicators of poverty, education, health, etc.)  Benefitting unit (e.g. individuals, households, family)  Economic status (extreme poor, poor, near poor, vulnerable)  Demographic status (sex, age, education status, types of works, etc.) 15

SINGLE REGISTRY IMPROVES PROGRAM COMPLEMENTARITY In the Unified Database: + 25 mil. Households (+ 96 mil. People)

Health Insurance: + 86,4 million people Raskin/BSM/BLSM – KPS: + 15,5 million households PKH: + 3 juta RT

• Household ranking with PMT Index = f (household & regional characteristics) • The household characteristics includes housing conditions and status of ownership, assets, number of household members, level of education, working status, etc.  specific for each Kabupaten/Kota 16

HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS:

STANDARD Household & Individual Characteristics • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Relationship with the family head Gender The Month-Year of Birth Marital Status Identity card ownership Type of disability Chronic disease School participation: highest grade attended, highest certificate owned Working/assisting work for a week Field of business of the main occupation Position status in the main occupation Housing conditions Assets ownership Program participation

Type of disability 0. No disability 1. Physical disability 2. Blind 3. Deaf 4. Mute 5. Deaf & mute 6. Blind & physical disability 7. Blind, deaf & mute 8. Deaf, mute & physical disability 9. Deaf, mute, blind & physical disability 10. Retardation mental disability 11. Former mental disorder patient 12. Physical & mental disability

Australian Study on Social Inclusion

Australian Study on Social Inclusion • Close to half (48%) of those in receipt of a payment for at least 12 months had a disability. • The vast majority of these people were receiving Disability Support Pension. • Less than half (49%) of all people with disability aged between 15 and 64 years were employed in 2003, compared with 77% of those without disability

Australian Study on Social Inclusion • In 2006–07, 61% of people using disability employment services found employment – People with a physical or psychiatric disability – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians – Those born in non-English speaking countries have poorer outcomes Source: Social Inclusion in Australia: How Australia is faring (2010). Australian Social

Inclusion Board, Australian Government

Challenges and opportunities • Lack of data leading to expensive and unreliable targeting. • Proper targeting system requires follow up assessments and monitoring • Benefit sometimes worth less than the cost of travelling to receive it. • People with disabilities, living in remote areas, are unaware of social protection schemes.

Source: Mleinek, H. & Davis, M. (2012). Disability and Social Protection in Indonesia

Opportunity to address: Baseline and Longitudinal • Determining and implementing eligibility criteria for social protection measures • What extent should social protection efforts for persons with disabilities be mainstreamed into general social protection programs? • What extent of transitional supports enable persons with disabilities to become productive citizens? • Should there be cash or in-kind supports (example energy, housing, personal devices, personal assistance)? Highlighted recently by studies including: People with disabilities in Indonesia: Empirical facts and implications for social protection policies. Demographic Institute Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia. April 2013